VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS, SIMULATION

Last Update 30/ 06/ 2000

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TITRATION: Experimental practice of quantitative volumetric analysis. The objective of the titration is the determination of the concentration or the mass of the minimum formula from the titrated chemical material composing a pure liquid or a solution. The titrant chemical material, composing another liquid or solution is used to meet the objective above, by means of a chemical reaction that will present at least one observable change. Generally the burette is filled with the titrant, while the titrate is in the conical flask. Next, the titrant is added by carefully opening the stopcock on the burette. The mixture is stirred to keep it as homogeneous as possible. The chemical reaction of the titrate with the titratant enables the titration. On every titrant addition, the reaction consumes part of the titrate. If all the titrate is consumed by the last titrant addition, the equivalence point is reached. It is very easy to reach the equivalence point with the simulator, but not so easy in the experiment with the chemical reagents. Experimentally approximations are acceptable, they depend on the precision of the analytical balance used to prepare the solutions, on the precision of the volumetric vessels and on the stability of the temperature on the surroundings. Best result quality is achieved when the chemical energies of attraction between the titrate component and titrant forming the reaction product are high and when the chemical energies of attraction between titrate and solvent and titrant and solvent will not compete to revert the product into the reagents. Additionally impurities in the materials and in the environment, particulate in suspension in the air, liquid evaporation, the chemical stability of the components, reaction speed and the operator's technical performance play a role on the result quality. Opening the simulator stopcock with the cursor by a push and drag mouse action counter clockwise, ten different micro litres values of NaOH 0.1 mole L-1 are liberated over 50 mL of HCl on each vertical mouse pulse displacement. Horizontal displacements liberate equal microliters quantities of NaOH.

To restart the experiment, click on the repeat button (after washing electronically the vessels).

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Table of subjects.
Presentation
Chemistry Analytical Chromatography
Elemental organic analysis
Volumetric analysis, simulation
Crystallography 3 fold screw axis
4 fold inversion axis on tetrahedron
5 fold rotation axis absent in crystallography
Binary axis and reflection plane in stereographic projection
Bravais lattices
Conic sections under symmetry operators
Converting from spherical coordinates to stereographic projection
Crystal lattice and unit cell
Determination of unit cell
Elements of symmetry in action - animation
Elements of symmetry in action - cube game
Elements of symmetry in action - dodecahedron game
Elements of symmetry in action - icosahedron game
Elements of symmetry in action - octahedron game
Elements of symmetry in action - tetrahedron game
Ewald sphere and crystal measurements
Extinctions
Five classes in the cubic system
Five classes in the rhombohedral system
From tetrahedron to prism
Gnomonic projection
Improper symmetry axis
Miller indices
Miller indices - animation
Miller indices - cube game
Miller indices - octahedron game
Miller indices - rhombic dodecahedron game
Miller indices - tetrahedron game
Mirror plane
Mirror planes and Miller indices game - tetrahedron
Orientations of the cube
p2mm
Plane symmetry groups
Question on point group
Rotation axis in octahedron and Werner compounds
Rotation axis on tetrahedron and organic molecules
Rotation of objects about an arbitrary axis
Rotation of the parallel and stereographic projections of the cube
Rotation of the stereographic and parallel projection of the cube III
Seven faces in stereographic projection
Seven classes in the hexagonal system
Seven classes in the tetragonal system
Six elements of symmetry in seven orientations
Spherical projection of the octahedron
Stereographic projection
Stereographic projection of six polyhedra in different orientations
Straight line equations and symmetry elements
Symmetry, 2 fold axis
Symmetry, 2, 3 and 6 fold axis in benzene
Symmetry, 3 fold axis in the cube
Symmetry, 4 fold axis in the cube
Symmetry, 4 fold axis in the unit cell of gold
Symmetry elements and Miller indices game
Symmetry elements and Miller indices game - octahedron
Symmetry in art and in crystallography
Three classes in the monoclinic system
Three classes in the orthorhombic system
Twin crystals
Two classes in the triclinic system
Unit cell in hexagonal net
General Butane conformations
Density
Electrochemical cell
Ethane conformations
Oxidation and reduction
Resources of chemical-ICT: water, health and symmetry
Solid and liquid gold